{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Minari, M. C.; Rincao, V. P.; Soares, S. A.; Ricardo, N. M. P. S.; Nozawa, C.; Linhares, R. E. C.
{Year}: 2011
{Title}: Antiviral properties of polysaccharides from Agaricus brasiliensis in the replication of bovine herpesvirus 1
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: ACTA VIROLOGICA
{Volume}: 55
{Issue}: 3
{Number}: WOS:000295949100008
{Pages}: 255-259
{Cited Count}: 1
{Date Displayed}: 2011
2011
{ISBN/ISSN}: 0001-723X
{Abstract}: Natural products are an inexhaustible source of compounds with promising pharmacological activities, including antiviral action. In the present study, the antiviral potential of polysaccharide-peptide (PLS) and an extracted beta-glucan from Agaricus brasiliensis were investigated in the replication of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in HEp-2 cell cultures. The cytotoxicity (CC(50)) was assayed by the MTT method and the antiviral activity (IC(50)) was estimated by the plaque reduction assay. To study the possible mode of action of PLS and beta-glucan, the following protocols were performed: the virucidal assay, adsorption assay and the time-of-addition assay. The PLS presented a selectivity index (SI) higher than 12.50 and beta-glucan 9.19. The antiviral inhibition (67.9%) in cells treated with PLS during virus infection was higher than that in cells treated prior to or post infection. The beta-glucan presented high inhibition of virus replication by plaque assay (83.2%) and by immunofluorescence assay (63.8%). Although the mechanism has yet to be defined, we suggest that PLS and beta-glucan inhibited BoHV-1 replication by interfering with the early events of viral penetration. Additional studies are. required for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of PLS and beta-glucan.

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Staals, R. H.; Pruijn, G. J.
{Year}: 2010
{Title}: The human exosome and disease
{URL}: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21618880&query_hl=1
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Adv Exp Med Biol
{Volume}: 702
{Pages}: 132-42
{Date Displayed}: 2010
{Date}: 2010-01-20
{Type of Work}: Journal Article; Review
{Accession Number}: 21618880
{Keywords}: Autoantibodies/immunology; Autoantigens/immunology; *Autoimmune Diseases; Exoribonucleases/chemistry/*immunology; Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex; Exosomes/chemistry/*immunology; Humans; Neoplasms/immunology; Nuclear Proteins/immunology; RNA/metabolism
{Abstract}: Long before the RNA degrading exosome was first described in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the use of autoantibodies found in the sera of certain   autoimmune patients allowed the identification of a complex of polypeptides which later appeared to be the human exosome. Today, the most extensively documented association of the exosome with disease is still its targeting by the immune system of such patients. The highest frequency of autoantibodies to components of the exosome complex is found in polymyositis-scleroderma overlap patients and therefore the exosome is termed PM/Scl autoantigen in the autoimmune field. More   recently, one of the core components of the exosome was identified as a protein associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In this chapter we will describe the identification of the PM/Scl autoantigen from a historical perspective, discuss our current knowledge on the occurrence of autoantibodies to exosome components in autoimmune diseases and end with the data that connect the exosome   with cancer.
{Author Address}: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
{Language}: eng

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Jr. Gonzales, John M.; Lowry, Brett A.; Brown, Paul B.; Beyl, Caula A.; Nyochemberg, Leopold
{Year}: 2009
{Title}: The effects of composting on the nutritional composition of fibrous bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) plant waste residues and its impact on the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
{Volume}: 43
{Issue}: 8
{Pages}: 1243-1249
{ISBN/ISSN}: 0273-1177
{Keywords}: PLEUROTUS-OSTREATUS; WHEAT-STRAW; FISH; DIETS; FEED; MEAL; DEGRADATION; RETENTION; LIGNIN; ROHU
{Abstract}: Utilization of bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) plant waste residues as a nutritional source by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has proven problematic as a result of high concentrations of fibrous compounds in the plant waste residues. Nutritional improvement of plant waste. residues by composting with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), and the effects on growth and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia fed such residues were evaluated. Five Nile tilapia (mean weight = 70.9 +/- 3.1 g) were stocked in triplicate aquaria and fed one of two experimental diets, cowpea (CP) and composted cowpea (CCP), twice daily for a period of 8 weeks. Composting of cowpea residue resulted in reduced concentrations of nitrogen-free extract, hemi-cellulose and trypsin inhibitor activity. though trypsin inhibitor activity remained high. Composting did not reduce crude fiber, lignin, or cellulose concentrations in the diet. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, daily consumption, and food conversion ratio between tilapia fed CP and CCP. These results suggest that P. ostreatus is not a suitable candidate for culture in conjunction with the culture of Nile tilapia. Additional work is needed to determine what, if any, benefit can be obtained from incorporating composted residue as feed for Nile tilapia. (C) 2009 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
{Author Address}: NICHHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47904 USA; Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47904 USA; Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA; Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA
{Database Provider}: Web of Science SCI
{Language}: English
{Country}: USA; USA; USA

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Jonathan, S. G.; Amos-Tautua, B. M. W.; Olawuyi, O. J.
{Year}: 2011
{Title}: Food values, heavy metal accumulation, aflatoxin contamination and detection of exo-polysaccharrides in Lentinus Squarrosulus Berk, a Nigerian mushroom
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
{Volume}: 6
{Issue}: 13
{Pages}: 3007-3012
{ISBN/ISSN}: 1991-637X
{Keywords}: EDIBLE MUSHROOMS; FRUITING BODIES; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; CADMIUM; COPPER; LEAD; MACROFUNGI; VICINITY; SMELTER; MERCURY; Proximate composition; aflatoxin; exo-polysaccharides; L. squarrosulus; mineral elements
{Abstract}: Fruit bodies of a wild edible fungus (Lentinus squarrosulus, Berk) were collected from partially buried decaying wood in the swampy area of the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. They were taken to the laboratory in aerated bags and evaluated for food values, mineral elements composition, heavy metal accumulation, production of exo-polysaccharides and aflatoxin contamination using standard methods. The results showed that fresh samples of this edible fungus had the highest nutrient and mineral element compositions followed in order by 4, 8 and 12 weeks old samples, respectively (P<0.05). Protein was the most abundant class of food in the fresh and stored samples. It ranged from 16.87% in the fresh sample and reduced to 15.29% in 12 weeks old samples. Other nutrients detected in significant amount in the fungal samples were ethanol soluble sugars, fat, crude fibre and dried matter. The most abundant mineral element in the fresh samples of L. squarrosulus was potassium with value of 12.77 mg/100 g followed in order by phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and sodium (P <= 0.05). Traces of heavy metals such as Pb, Cu and Cd were also detected. Aflatoxin G(2) was found to be absent in all the samples. However, 0.005, 0.002 and 0.001 mu gKg(-1) of aflatoxin AFB(1), AFB(2) and AFG(1), respectively were detected in 12 weeks stored samples of L. squarrosulus. The vegetative growth of this fungus on basal medium after 15 days showed a mycelial biomass yield of 15.57 mg/100 ml while 4.63 units of the exo-polysaccharides were produced. The significance of these observations were discussed.
{Author Address}: Univ Ibadan, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Niger Delta Univ, Dept Chem Sci, Wilberforce Isl, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Babcock Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
{Database Provider}: Web of Science SCI
{Language}: English
{Country}: Nigeria; Nigeria; Nigeria