{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Huang, Qi-Lin; Siu, Ka-Chai; Wang, Wen-Qiang; Cheung, Yi-Ching; Wu, Jian-Yong
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Fractionation, characterization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from fermentation broth of a Cordyceps sinensis fungus
{URL}: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511313000032
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Process Biochemistry
{Volume}: 48
{Issue}: 2
{Pages}: 380-386
{Date Displayed}: 2013/2//
{Alternate Title}: Process Biochemistry
{ISBN/ISSN}: 1359-5113
{Keywords}: Cordyceps sinensis; Liquid fermentation; Ethanol precipitation; Polysaccharide–protein complex; Antioxidant activity
{Abstract}: Exopolysaccharide (EPS) fractions P1/5, P2/5, P1, P2 and P5 were isolated from the fermentation medium of a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis by gradient precipitation with ethanol at 1/5, 2/5, 1, 2, and 5 volume ratios to the liquid medium. P1/5 and P2/5 were mainly composed of polysaccharides with negligible protein content and a large molecular or particle size (intrinsic viscosity [η] 2025 mL/g; hydrodynamic radius Rh 905 nm). The fraction attained at a higher ethanol volume ratio had a much higher protein and lower carbohydrate content, and a smaller molecular size. In particular, P5 was composed of mainly protein with an average molecular weight 16 kDa, [η] 4.3 mL/g and Rh 23.5 nm. The antioxidant activities of EPS fractions showed a significant dependence on the protein content, being negligible of P1/5 and P2/5, low to moderate of P1 and P2, and very strong of P5. Gradient ethanol precipitation was proven a simple and workable method for initial fractionation of polysaccharides, proteins and their complexes with different molecular sizes and for further identification of the bioactive components.

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Chen, Shiguo; Siu, Ka-Chai; Wang, Wen-Qiang; Liu, Xing-Xun; Wu, Jian-Yong
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Structure and antioxidant activity of a novel poly-N-acetylhexosamine produced by a medicinal fungus
{URL}: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861712012908
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Carbohydrate Polymers
{Volume}: 94
{Issue}: 1
{Pages}: 332-338
{Date Displayed}: 2013/4/15/
{Alternate Title}: Carbohydrate Polymers
{ISBN/ISSN}: 0144-8617
{Keywords}: Cordyceps sinensis; Exopolysaccharide; Poly-N-acetylhexosamine; NMR; MS; Antioxidant activity
{Abstract}: A novel poly-N-acetylhexosamine (polyhexNAc) about 6 kDa average molecular weight (MW) was isolated from the low-MW fraction of exopolysaccharide produced by liquid fermentation of a medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1. The composition and linkage of sugar residues were determined by mass spectrometry and methylation analysis, and the anomeric configuration and chain linkage were confirmed by NMR. From the analytical results, the molecular structure was elucidated as a [-4-β-d-ManNAc-(1→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→] disaccharide repeating unit in the main chain with a Gal branch occurring randomly at the 3-position of ManNAc. This polyhexNAc showed notable antioxidant activities with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 330 μmol Trolox/g, a ferric reducing ability of plasma of 45.7 μmol Fe(II)/g, and significant cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced PC12 cell injury. This is the first report on the structure and bioactivity of an extracellular amino-polysaccharide from the Cordyceps species.

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Song, D.; He, Z.; Wang, C.; Yuan, F.; Dong, P.; Zhang, W.
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Regulation of the exopolysaccharide from an anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cell sarcoma (DCS) cell line
{URL}: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22610670&query_hl=1
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Eur J Nutr
{Volume}: 52
{Issue}: 2
{Pages}: 687-94
{DOI}: 10.1007/s00394-012-0373-x
{Date Displayed}: 2013 Mar
{Date}: 2013-03-01
{Type of Work}: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
{Accession Number}: 22610670
{Abstract}: PURPOSE: Cordyceps sinensis has been regarded as a precious tonic food and herbal medicine in China for thousands of years. The exopolysaccharide (EPS) from an anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis was found to have antitumor immunomodulatory activity. Mature dendritic cells play a role in initiating antitumor immunity, so we try to investigate the effects of EPS on the murine dendritic cell line DCS. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to assay the expression levels of cell surface molecules including major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 of DCS cells and their ability to take up antigens. The ability of DCS cells to activate the proliferation of CTLL-2 T cells was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. IL-12 and TNF-alpha levels were detected using ELISA. Western blotting was performed to estimate the levels of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65 and p105. RESULTS: EPS increased the expressions of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 of DCS cells and up-regulated their ability to take   up antigens. EPS also enhanced their ability to activate the proliferation of CTLL-2 T cells. IL-12 and TNF-alpha secreted from DCS cells were up-regulated after EPS treatment. Furthermore, EPS significantly caused the decline of p-JAK2   and p-STAT3, significantly increased levels of NF-kappaB p65 in the nucleus and decreased levels of NF-kappaB p105 in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: EPS may induce   DCS cells to exhibit mature characteristics, and the mechanism involved is probably related to the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway and promotion of the NF-kappaB signal pathway.
{Author Address}: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
{Language}: eng

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Jiang, Changxing; Xiong, Qingping; Gan, Dan; Jiao, Yunpeng; Liu, Jing; Ma, Liping; Zeng, Xiaoxiong
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Antioxidant activity and potential hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Cyclina sinensis
{URL}: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014486171200803X
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Carbohydrate Polymers
{Volume}: 91
{Issue}: 1
{Pages}: 262-268
{Date Displayed}: 2013/1/2/
{Alternate Title}: Carbohydrate Polymers
{ISBN/ISSN}: 0144-8617
{Keywords}: Cyclina sinensis; Polysaccharide; Characterization; Antioxidant activity; Hepatoprotective activity
{Abstract}: In the present study, we investigated the preliminary structure, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Cyclina sinensis (CSPS). The analytic results of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of α-type glycosidic linkages in CSPS-1 or CSPS-2, and the average molecular weights for CSPS-1, CSPS-2 and CSPS-3 were 69, 81 and 101 kDa, respectively. For antioxidant activities in vitro, crude CSPS, CSPS-1, CSPS-2 and CSPS-3 showed moderate H2O2 scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition effect and strong Fe2+ chelating activity. For hepatoprotective activity in vivo, the administration of CSPS significantly decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde and enhanced the activities of liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice. These results suggested that CSPS had potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities.