{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Hannula, S. E.; de Boer, W.; Baldrian, P.; van Veen, J. A.
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Effect of genetic modification of potato starch on decomposition of leaves and tubers and on fungal decomposer communities
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Place Published}: Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
{Journal}: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
{Volume}: 58
{Pages}: 88-98
{Date Displayed}: 2013
{ISBN/ISSN}: 00380717
{Original Publication}: Elsevier Ltd
{Keywords}: Plants (botany); Cultivation; Genetic engineering; Histology; Manganese; Starch; Tissue; Tubes (components); Yeast
{Abstract}: As part of a risk evaluation of growing genetically modified crops, we investigated the effects of a genetic modification of starch quality (increased level of amylopectin) in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) on the decomposition of tissues (tubers and leaves) as well as on the associated fungal functional and phylogenetic diversity. The weight loss of both leaves and tubers in litterbags was analysed after 1, 3 and 6 months of incubation in soils and combined with measurements of fungal extracellular enzyme activities (laccases, Mn-peroxidases and cellulases) as well as molecular analyses of the fungal community (ITS regions and cellobiohydrolase I (cbhI) genes). The study revealed that initial (after one month) decomposition of both tubers and leaves of the parental isoline was significantly faster than that of the genetically modified (GM)-variety. This coincided with differences in fungal community composition. After this initial difference, no significant differences in any of the parameters measured could be detected after 3 and 6 months of decomposition illustrating the transient nature of the initial difference between the cultivars. Thus, it can be concluded that the starch modified tubers are not harmful to the fungal decomposer community and that despite initial differences in decomposition, the final decomposition rate of tissues from the GM-variety was similar to that of tissues from the parental variety. Furthermore, interesting dynamics of fungal phyla and species during decomposition were observed; the basidiomycetal yeasts and ascomycetes were primary colonizers of the potato tissue while basidiomycetes were dominant in the more decomposed and lignin-rich litter.   2012 Elsevier Ltd.
{Notes}: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc.
20125115815949
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
CbhI
Fungal diversity
GM-plants
Litter decay
{Author Address}: Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Suarez, Arango C.; Nieto, I. J.
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: [Biotechnological cultivation of edible macrofungi: an alternative for obtaining   nutraceutics]
{URL}: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22449697&query_hl=1
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Rev Iberoam Micol
{Volume}: 30
{Issue}: 1
{Pages}: 1-8
{DOI}: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.03.011
{Date Displayed}: 2013 Jan 3
{Date}: 2013-01-03
{Type of Work}: English Abstract; Journal Article
{Original Publication}: Copyright (c) 2011 Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia. Published by Elsevier
           Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.
{Accession Number}: 22449697
{Abstract}: Macromycetes have been part of the human culture for thousand years, and have been reported as food in the most important civilizations in history. Many nutraceutical properties of macromycetes have been described, such as anti-cancer, anti-tumour, cholesterol lowering, antiviral, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory, among others. Given that production of mushrooms by traditional cultivation and extraction of bioactive metabolites is very difficult in some cases, biotechnology is essential for the development of profitable and productive techniques for obtaining these metabolites. It is the development of this technology, and the ease in which it enables the use of its variables that has allowed mycelium to be cultivated in liquid medium of macrofungi, with a significant reduction in time and an increased production of metabolites. This increased production has led to the study of compounds that have medicinal, nutriceutical and quasi-farmaceutical potential, in the exhausted media and the mycelium. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of liquid-state fermentation as a technological tool for obtaining edible fungi, and the study of these and their metabolites, by describing the different cultivation conditions used in recent years, as well as the results obtained. The relevance of Agaricus, Flammulina, Grifola, Pleurotus and Lentinula genera, will also be discussed, with emphasis on the last one, since Shiitake has been always considered as the ultimate medicinal mushroom.
{Notes}: Cultivo biotecnologico de macrohongos comestibles: una alternativa en la
           obtencion de nutraceuticos.
{Author Address}: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia. csuareza@unal.edu.co
{Language}: spa

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Wang, Y. Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, Y. L.; Li, T.; Shen, T.; Li, J. Q.; Li, W. Y.; Liu, H. G.
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Mycology, cultivation, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Wolfiporia cocos (Schwein.) Ryvarden et Gilb.: A review
{URL}: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23528366&query_hl=1
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: J Ethnopharmacol
{DOI}: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.027
{Date Displayed}: 2013 Mar 22
{Date}: 2013-03-22
{Type of Work}: JOURNAL ARTICLE
{Original Publication}: Copyright (c) 2013. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
{Accession Number}: 23528366
{Abstract}: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Wolfiporia cocos (Schwein.) Ryvarden et Gilb. has a long history as a Chinese traditional medicine with uses of inducing diuresis,   excreting dampness, invigorating the spleen, and tranquilizing the mind. Recently, W. cocos has received increasing interest, and phytochemical and pharmacological studies have validated the traditional uses of this species. AIMS OF THE REVIEW: To provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the mycology, cultivation, traditional uses, chemical constituent and pharmacological activities aspects of W. cocos in order to highlight its ethnopharmacological use and to explore its therapeutic potentials and to provide a basis for future research. MATERIAS AND METHODS: The accessible literature, from 1980 to 2012, on   W. cocos written in English, Chinese, French, Korean, Spanish and Turkish were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: The phytochemical and modern pharmacological studies demonstrated that W. cocos possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-rejection, nematicidal, anti-hyperglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertonic stress activities, which could be explained by the presence of various triterpenes and polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS: Modern phytochemical and pharmacological investigations showed that major active components separated from W. cocos had anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-rejection activities, and so on. Further investigations are needed to explore the relationship of the molecular mass, chain stiffness, and water solubility of polysaccharide from W. cocos with the antitumor activities.
{Author Address}: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223 Kunming, China.
{Language}: ENG